Copper

Also known as copper gluconate, cupric oxide.

Last reviewed October 9, 2026 · Jump to references

What is Copper?

In plain words

Copper is a mineral the body needs in small amounts. The body uses it to release energy from food, handle iron, and maintain connective tissue and nerves. Researchers study how copper deficiency and excess affect blood, bones, and brain health. Too much copper can harm the liver and other organs.

Technical definition

Copper is an essential trace mineral and transition metal that occurs in compounds such as copper gluconate and cupric oxide. It functions as a redox-active cofactor for enzymes including cytochrome c oxidase, copper–zinc superoxide dismutase, and lysyl oxidase, supporting cellular energy production, antioxidant defense, and connective-tissue formation rather than acting through a single receptor. In the United States, copper is available in dietary supplements, which are not FDA-approved for safety and effectiveness before marketing.

Educational information only. This page does not provide medical advice or determine whether a supplement is appropriate for you. Review supplements with a qualified healthcare professional, especially if you take medication, are pregnant, have surgery scheduled, or have a chronic medical condition.

Evidence by use

Each use is rated on its own. There is no single overall effectiveness score.