Elderberry

Also known as sambucus nigra, elder berry, sambucol.

Last reviewed October 9, 2026 · Jump to references

What is Elderberry?

In plain words

Elderberry is the dark fruit of the European elder plant, often made into syrups and supplements. The body breaks down its plant compounds in the gut and liver. Researchers study it for cold and flu symptoms, but reliable evidence of benefit remains limited. Raw or unripe berries, leaves, and stems can contain substances that release cyanide and cause poisoning.

Technical definition

Elderberry is a botanical derived from the fruit of Sambucus nigra, containing anthocyanins, flavonoids, and other polyphenols rather than a single defined active compound. Its constituents undergo intestinal and hepatic metabolism; antioxidant and immune-related effects have been investigated, but no single molecular target or established clinical mechanism accounts for its proposed respiratory effects. In the United States, elderberry products are marketed as dietary supplements and are not FDA-approved to prevent or treat respiratory infections.

Educational information only. This page does not provide medical advice or determine whether a supplement is appropriate for you. Review supplements with a qualified healthcare professional, especially if you take medication, are pregnant, have surgery scheduled, or have a chronic medical condition.

Evidence by use

Each use is rated on its own. There is no single overall effectiveness score.