PQQ

Also known as pyrroloquinoline quinone.

Last reviewed October 9, 2026 · Jump to references

What is PQQ?

In plain words

PQQ is a substance made by some bacteria that also occurs in small amounts in foods. The body can absorb it, but its normal role in people is not well understood. Researchers study whether it affects the cell structures that make energy, as well as memory and metabolic health. Human studies are small and limited, so health benefits and long-term safety remain uncertain.

Technical definition

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a tricyclic quinone compound produced by certain bacteria and found in trace amounts in foods; it serves as a redox cofactor for some bacterial dehydrogenases, helping these enzymes transfer electrons. In mammalian experimental models, PQQ influences cellular redox signaling and pathways associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, rather than acting through an established specific receptor. It is marketed in dietary supplements in the United States but is not an FDA-approved drug or an established essential human vitamin.

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Evidence by use

Each use is rated on its own. There is no single overall effectiveness score.